Hermeneutics

Conceptual and methodological understanding, an understanding of the reality of life in the context of hermeneutics Indonesia

Abstract

Language is a medium to explore all ideas and the feeling of human beings. Thus language is a dimension of life Which is always evolving. This relates to language as hermeneutic Which makes acentral theme. Currently, talking about hermeneutic is a response to the influences of Structuralism and positivism Studying Which is only from the literal language structure. Scholars rarely concentrate the study of language from the deepest meaning and the essence of it. In other words, the study of language in this level is still marginal in the linguistic or literary world. The hermeneutic is not only looking in to a text literally, but Also to see it through the deepest understanding of the text. Thus, the analysis has to consider the horizons of the text, authors, and readers.

Keyword: hermeneutic, language, interpretation.

Social issues, politics, literature, and so was never separated from the elements of language as the medium, because language is a means someone expresses an idea, think, write, speak, appreciate a masterpiece. On the other hand, talks about the interpretation of the text to search for meaning is closely related to hermeneutics. Text hermeneutics in the context of the human self with its social relations and in relations relate language and formulated a system of signs that "who I am/myself ready for this and other self? There is a good example in the Indonesian language, literature, Pramoedya Ananta Toer explored.

Creative expression of language codes and conventions Indonesian egalitarian Pram is sharply expressed opposition to the strategy feudal Javanese culture that enslaves Nusantara plus colonialism to become a nation that dwarfs. Pram language expressing opposition to the oppressive culture of self and independence to the nation that won independence (Sutrisno, 2004:4-5).

Textual interpretation done by structuralism, semiotics, and so forth. Thus, hermeneutics comes back to respond to the influence of structuralism and positivism that studied the language only of purely deductively structure so that the study of language in expressing the world in terms of human nature less attention. Philosophical hermeneutics reveals the reality of language as an expression of human nature as being cultured and made the language as a center for beginning and end of all human problems, through analysis of language can explain various conceptual problems inherent in the text (Rahardjo, 2007:56).

Hermeneutics Characters

According to Palmer (2005), Sumaryono (1999), and Rahardjo (2007), some characters that have a major role in the development of hermeneutics, ie:

1. Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768-1834), a character romantic hermeneutics, he is expanding the understanding of hermeneutics than just the study of theology (bible text) to understand the method in terms of philosophy. According to the perspective of this character, in an effort to understand the discourse there are elements of the interpreter, text, author's intent, historical context, and cultural context.
2. Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911), a character methodical hermeneutics, argues that the process of understanding stems from experience, and then express it. The experience of human life is a structural nexus maintaining the past as a contemporary presence.
3. Edmund Husserl (1889-1938), a character phenomenological hermeneutics, mentioning that the process of the correct understanding should be able to free themselves from prejudice, by letting the text speak for itself. Therefore, interpreting a text means methodologically isolate the text of all the things that have nothing to do, including the biases of the interpreter and the subject let alone communicate their meaning on the subject.
4. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), a character dialectical hermeneutics, describes the understanding as something that comes and there are already ahead of cognition. Therefore, the reading or interpretation is always a re-reading or re-interpretation.
5. * Fifth, Hans Georg Gadamer (1900-2002), a character hermeneutics dialog, the correct understanding of him is an understanding that leads to the ontological level, not methodological. That is, the truth can be achieved not through the method, but through a dialectic by asking lots of questions. Thus, the language becomes very important medium for dialogue.
6. Jurgen Habermas (1929), a novel critical hermeneutics, states that are preceded by an understanding of interests. Which determines the horizon of understanding is a social interest that involves the interests of the power of the interpreter. Any form of interpretation of certain existing elements of bias and political interests, economic, social, ethnic, and gender.
7. Paul Ricoeur (1913) that distinguishes interpretation of written texts and conversations. Meaning not only view of life taken by the author, but also in the sense view of life from the readers.
8. Jacques Derrida (1930), hermeneutics figures deconstructionists, warned that any attempt to find meaning is always slipping demand for efforts to build a simple relationship between the marker and the marker. Meaning of the text always changes depending on context and audience.

Hermeneutics as an Alternative Interpretation

When a person reads a text, whether consciously or not trigger the interpretation of the text. Discuss the text never be separated from the elements of language, Heidegger says that language is a dimension of life that allows the creation of the world moves from the beginning, the language has his own existence in which humans participate (Eagleton, 2006:88).

As a method of exegesis, hermeneutics to make the language as the central theme, even among the philosophers of hermeneutics itself there are differences in view of the nature and functions of language. The development of philosophical hermeneutics flow reaches its peak when it emerged two opposing schools of thought, namely the flow of "Intentionalisme" and Hermeneutics Gadamerian flow. According to the "Intentionalisme", meaning there since brought the author/compiler just waiting for the interpretation of the text so that the interpreter. While looking at the meaning of hermeneutics Gadamerian otherwise sought, constructed, and reconstructed by the interpreter according to the interpreter context is made so that the text's meaning is never raw, he was constantly changing depending on how, when and who the readers (Rahardjo, 2007:55).

Event occurs when the horizon of understanding the historical meaning and our assumption is combined with the work of the horizon where it is located. Hermeneutic view of history as a living dialogue between past, present, and future. Hermeneutic method of trying to adjust every element within each text into one complete whole, in a process commonly known as the hermeneutic circle. Individual characteristics can be understood on the basis overall context, and the overall context can be understood through the individual traits (Eagleton, 2006:104-105).

Understanding the key is participation and openness, not manipulation and control. As a method of interpretation, hermeneutics is not only looking at the text, but also seek to explore the content of its literal sense. Hermeneutics tried to dig a meaning by considering the horizon that surround the text. Horizon is a horizon of the text, authors, and readers. By considering the three horizons are expected to be an effort to be understanding or interpretation of the reconstruction and reproduction of the text's meaning, which in addition to track how a text is raised by the author and the charge of what enters and wants to be included by the author into the text, is also trying to give birth again the meaning according to the situation and the condition when the text is read or understood. In other words, hermeneutics consider three things as a principal component in the effort of interpretation of the text, context, and then make an effort contextualization. (Rahardjo, 2007:90 -91).

Supriyono (2004) gives examples of the writings of Pramoedya Ananta Toer, "The Mute's Soliloquy". Pramoedya's story just like that, what it is about the experience of daily detainees on a desert island, "Pulau Buru". Experience how to survive under military pressure, the experience santiaji (indoctrination) of Pancasila, the experience of physical torture that makes the eyes blurred vision and diminished hearing, enslaved their friends experience as a forest loggers to aggrandize his commander, the experience of chicken farming, about the hard struggle to open road, about the uprising from the prisoners, about the death of his friends that some mysterious, and others tell more of the facts. However, the true meaning of reality that take place, ie how humanity subjugated to men in such a fierce political prisoners lost humanity.

Indonesian Cultural Interpretation

Indonesia, with more than 1,500 ethnic groups are a paradise for the development of cultural understanding. Therefore, cultural diversity and cultural plurality is a consequence that brings profits to enrich the culture. With hermeneutics, cultural traditions are not erased, but maintained and even stimulated animism and re-integration, both in the context of cultural encounter tribes in the national culture and in the context of cultural encounters between nations (Poespoprodjo, 2004:143).

More, Supriyono (2004:144-145) mentioned that the formation of culture itself involved in it cultural differences such as race, class, gender, and cultural traditions. Cultural identity is not an innate identity and entities who are destined, and a bus is not reduced, but the negotiation of cultural identity include cultural encounter and exchange of views will result in continuous mutual recognition would be cultural differences.

In the life of the Indonesian nation, during the New Order regime, had conditioned the existence of a monolithic interpretation of the government on all aspects of culture. For example, the definition of national culture which is defined as the tops of the culture imposed by local authorities to select the appropriate top local culture with the culture of government policy and the user is forced to accept it when the supporters of a culture of all the elements of culture is important and is the culmination of cultures.

Another example, in the literary treasures that are considered voiced communism, both its content and author who is considered a communist by the New Order government, must be destroyed and not allowed to talk about, even literary works are banned in Indonesia. The works of Pramoedya Ananta Toer was banned in Indonesia for example, forbidden even to discuss. "TetralogyBuru" for a certain period can not be found in Indonesia, but can be found in foreign countries. However, the strength of the New Order regime can not be turned off the discourse. The text can be found not disabled, that there is actually only a single meaning at that time by the government which must be acceptable to all components of the nation, another meaning is not allowed. The implication, during the New Order regime there is no heterogeneity or plurality of cultures, including the meaning, that there is only a forced homogenization (Supriyono, 2004:144). Now we find that other circumstances, the destruction of the New Order regime was also once the destruction of a single meaning or a forced homogenization.

Fore, in the context of Indonesia's plural culture, cultural interpretation requires a fundamental reorientation, other than it needs redefining the concept of national culture is not monolithic, national culture needs strategy of directed and take into account the plurality of cultural, political and national culture into a need that can not be postponed again because it is a determinant of the direction of all development in all fields.

Therefore, the study themes of hermeneutics is needed and is a "conditio sine qua non". Where in the science of value out of its usefulness. In the philosophy of usability out of the value (Poespoprodjo, 2004:147).

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